SBA+&+IA

Example SBA



Name: Adkim Hamilton Form: 5L House: Gordon Subject: History Teacher: Mr. Canterbury Project: Factors That Led To The Demise Of The Tainos And Kalinagos Register No: Centre: MARCH 17, 2009

Table of Contents

1. Acknowledgment - Page 2 2. Rationale - Page 3 3. Aim of Study - Page 4 4. Introduction - Pages 5 - 6 5. Segregation of the Tainos and Kalinagos - Page 7 6. The Failure of the Encomienda System - Pages 8 - 9 7. Diseases - Page 10 <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">8. Conclusion - Page 11 <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">9. Bibliography - Page 12

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Acknowledgment

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">I will like to give my appreciation to the Almighty God for wisdom, health, strength and perseverance to see this project through its final stages. I would also like to thank my mother Joan Hamilton, for her encouragement and support in this exercise and Mr. Canterbury, my History teacher, who played an important role towards guiding and counselling me on this project.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Rationale

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Initially I selected this topic because I taught that this topic would have been much of an easier task than the other topics given for example “European Rivalry”, “Haitian Revolution” etc. However, I must state that having to acquire the historical data was quite challenging. Needless to say, I have learnt the factors that led to the demise of Tainos and Kalinagos..

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Aim of Study

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The aim of this study is for anyone when reading this project, to truly get a better insight and understanding of the factors that led to the demise of the Tainos and Kalinagos.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Introduction

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The Metropolitan State of Spain was widely the major contributor to the demise of the Tainos and the Kalinagos, mainly because they occupied the territories of both tribes due to the “Treaty of Tordesillas” in 1494 by Pope Alexander VI. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The Age of Discovery or the Renaissance are the two factors that led to the exploitation of the Europeans because it was a period where the discovery of technologies for example the compass, philosophy for example Marco Polo and sciences that allowed for the European advancement. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">These two ages also gave birth to two terms known as mercantilism and bullionism. Mercantilism is the insight where the world is seen as a limited resource, and a country’s wealth is based on the amount of its global resources. However, bullionism is the attainment of gold, silver and precious metals as a measure of a country’s wealth for example Spain. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The Spaniards were a force to be reckoned with as it became the strongest European force in the late fifteenth century and early sixteenth centuries. How did they achieve this? Based on the system and ideological aspects of bullionism or their hidalgo mentality. The Spaniards exploited the Tainos and Kalinagos. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Before the arrival of the Europeans both the Tainos and Kalinagos had a well established culture and history.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The Tainos, also known as the Arawaks and the Kalinagos also known as the Caribs, were the first inhabitants of the Caribbean, before the arrival of Christopher Columbus and the Europeans to the New World in 1492. Initially the Tainos by 500 A.D. migrated from the Orinoco River in Venezuela and by 1000 A.D. the Tainos had reached the vicinity of the Bahamas, by the time the Europeans arrived in 1492. On the other hand, the Kalinagos were able to expand their territory as far as Puerto Rico. As a result of this, the Tainos dominated the Greater Antilles, whilst the Kalinagos occupied the Lesser Antilles. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The Tainos were described as peaceful and sedate by Christopher Columbus and I quote from page four from //“The Caribbean Experience”// written by //Douglas Hall.//

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #00ff00; display: block; font-size: 110%; text-align: justify;">// “The Arawaks go always naked as they were born, with the exception of some of the women, who use the covering of a leaf, or small bough, or an apron of cotton which they prepare for that purpose. None of them ... are possessed any iron? Neither have they weapons … They carry in lieu of arms, canes dried in the sun, on the ends of which they fix heads of dried wood sharpened to a point…” //

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">On the other hand, Christopher Columbus described the disposition of the Kalinagos as being exceptional warriors and warlike and I quote again from page four //“The Caribbean Experience”// written by // Douglas Hall. //

// “On a certain island called Charis (the Indian name for Puerto Rico) dwell a people who are considered by the neighbouring islands as most ferocious, and they feed upon human flesh. They have many kinds of canoes in which they cross to all the surrounding islands and rob and plunder wherever they can … They wear their hair long, like women and make use of the bows and javelins of cane, with sharpened spear points fixed on the thickest end which I have before described”. //

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The social structure of the Tainos consisted of a Cacique who governed all the villages and districts in his vicinity. However, the Cacique did not govern independently. The head Cacique was assisted by a Sub-Cacique who was responsible for the villagers in their district. Under the Sub-Cacique there was another Headman, whose responsibility was to implement and maintain law and order, set the period of time for cultivation, fishing, hunting etc. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Furthermore, the Tainos for many years have been regarded as exceptional farmers, as their infrastructure were scattered along the coasts or near rivers which were located closely to the lands for cultivation. The Tainos cultivated crops like cassava, corn, sweet potatoes, arrowroot, beans, peppers, tobacco and fruits that grew wild. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">A look at the Tainos religious beliefs revealed that they worship the “sky-god” like any other Amerindian tribe. Their god’s name was Jocchu, they believed that there were spirits in both living and none living things like people, animals, trees, rocks etc. They therefore had a fear towards these various spirits and used zemis which was considered a form of protection against evil. Generally both cultures were under developed as compared to the Europeans <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Due to the segregation of the Tainos and Kalinagos the failure of the Encomienda System and diseases the Tainos and Kalinagos tribes saw their demise by the eighteenth century.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Segregation of the Tainos and Kalinagos

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The Tainos and Kalinagos, as we know were at war between each other prior to the arrival of the Europeans. It was this social dilemma that allowed the Europeans to establish their colonies because the process of “divide and conquer” was already initiated. What is it to “divide and conquer?” <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Divide and conquer in this situation simply meant that the social separation of two or more classes for the status quo to achieve dominance throughout the land. However, unlike the Mayas, Aztecs and the Incas, who were not separated geographically, it took the Europeans a longer period of time to penetrate their various communities. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Whilst on the other hand, the Tainos and the Kalinagos were separated geographically and this made colonisation in the Caribbean a much easier task for the Europeans. This is evident in //A. Garcia’s// // “History of the West Indies” // page 52 and I quote

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #00ff00; display: block; font-size: 110%; text-align: justify;">// “Balboa soon became master of Santa Maria de la Antigua del Darien where exploiting local Indian feuds, by “a combination of force, terror and amicable diplomacy, he won the support of the natives”. //

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Due to this factor exploration and exploitation of the Tainos and Kalinagos further led to their demise as they could not unify against the Europeans and the example to show this was the failure of the Encomienda System.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">The Failure of the Encomienda System

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The Encomienda System was a resolution for labour in the Spanish colonies. The policy stated that the Encomendero was granted trusteeship over three hundred of the indigenous labourers once their religion was converted to Catholicism and their language to Spanish. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Literally, the word Encomienda meant to protect, but the exact opposite of this was done as the Encomenderos implemented more taxes, seized more lands, kept the inhabitants as slaves and treated them in a gruesome manner for example slashing off their heads with swords “for sport”. The Encomienda System only made them more vulnerable for example the tribes still committed suicide.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The Spanish Monarch since the Encomienda System never took time or implemented new methods in saving the Tainos and Kalinagos until the intervention of Montesinos, Bartolomé De Las Casas, who was also known as the “Apostle or Protector of the Indians”. The uprisings like the one described in the Arena Massacare in 1699, which was located in the vicinity of San Rafael, Trinidad.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Montesinos in his speech, had indicated how the cruelties that the Europeans placed on the two tribes and I quote from page 16 of // “The Caribbean Experience” //, written by // Douglas Hall. //

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #00ff00; display: block; font-size: 110%; text-align: justify;">// “In order to make your sins against the Indians known to you I have come up on the pulpit, I who am the voice of Christ crying in the wilderness of this island, and therefore it behoves you to listen, not with careless attention, but with all your heart and senses … this voice says that you are a mortal sin, that you live and die in it for the cruelty and tyranny you in dealing with these innocent people. Tell me, by what right and justice do you keep these Indians in such cruel and humble servitude? Why do you keep them oppressed and weary, not giving enough to eat not taking care of them in illness? For with the excessive work you demand of them they fall ill and die, or rather you kill them with your desire to extract gold every day. Are these not men? Are you not bound to love them as you love yourselves? Be certain that in such a state you can no more be saved that the Moors or Turks”. //

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Bartolomé De Las Casas also confronted the Spanish Monarch by stating that the manner in which the Amerindians were treated was against the will of the Lord and also wrong morally. Bartolomé De Las Casas was able to achieve the freedom of the indigenous people, but consequently, by the early sixteenth century they were virtually extinct.

Although the Encomienda System failed, subsequently the Tainos and Kalinagos were faced with another epidemic catastrophe which was diseases.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Diseases

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Orthodox histography in many cases has left the impression that European guns and cannons was a major factor that led to the demise of not only the Tainos and Kalinagos, but all of the other Amerindian tribes. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Other than segregation, exploration and exploitation that the Tainos, Kalinagos and other Amerindian tribes endured under the Europeans, diseases was a major factor that led to the demise of the inhabitants on the islands and Central and South America. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The Europeans brought with them diseases like smallpox and measles which took a rapid toll.on the Tainos and Kalinagos as it was an epidemic in their society, and they had no cure to quarantine or eradicate these diseases. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">As a matter of fact the Europeans never gave the two tribes any medicine for these diseases which many times resulted in the natives’ death. However, perhaps if the Europeans had given the Indians medicine to cure their diseases they might have survived. The Europeans did not only take their livestocks and culture but they did not even seek their welfare in health. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">I would therefore conclude that the diseases brought by the Europeans were truly a factor that led to the Tainos and Kalinagos demise.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Conclusion

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Based on my study, the segregation of the Tainos and Kalinagos geographically and socially, the failure of the “Encomienda System” and the Spanish Monarch and the diseases that were inflicted on the Tainos and Kalinagos are the major and also main factors that led to the demise of these indigenous people. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The segregation of the two tribes led to their demise as colonisation for the Europeans became apparent. Due to the exploration and exploitation of the Europeans, in the Caribbean region the existence of the indigenous people has undergone a level of transformation leading to their demise. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">On the mainland of South America there is evidence to suggest that some tribes continue to exist in the rain forest or jungle. It would appear that on the smaller islands the devastation of the indigenous people was most pronounced as they had no place to hide. The larger the territory the longer they were sustained. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The failure of the “Encomienda System” and the Spanish Monarch’s failure to give importance to the preservation of the local people provided the opportunity for colonisers to operate with impunity as they did not have to answer to any one for their actions. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The religion of the two tribes was discouraged as they were forced into accepting the ideals of Roman Catholicism. Additionally, most importantly the diseases that were inflicted upon them by colonisers also played its role. It was devastating and depleted the natives rapidly. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">However, on a very small scale the Tainos and Kalinagos still exist today and one great example of this is in the vicinity of Trinidad and Tobago in Santo Rosa, Arima.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Bibliography

•A. Garcia, **__// History Of The West Indies //__,** George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd, Great Britan 1965.

•Douglas Hall, **__ //The Caribbean Experience// __,** Heinemann Educational Books, Oxford, 1982**.**

•Issac Dookhan, **__// A Pre-Emancipation History Of The West Indies //__,** Longman, China 1975.

Example IA



<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">Candidate Name: Adkim Hamilton

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">Centre No.: 160088

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">Candidate No.: 1600880298

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">Subject: History

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">Topic: The Morant Bay Rebellion

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">Date Due: 19/0410

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: center;">Date Submitted: 19/04/10

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Table of Contents

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: justify;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Acknowledgement - Page 2 **

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: justify;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Rationale - Page 3 **

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: justify;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Introduction - Page 4-5 **

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: justify;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Political Influences - Pages 5-7 **

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: justify;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Economic Influences - Page 8 **

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: justify;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Social Influences - Pages 9-10 **

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: justify;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Conclusion - Page 11 **

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 150%; text-align: justify;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Bibliography - Page 12 **

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Acknowledgment

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">First and foremost I’ll like to thank the Heavenly Father for assisting and guiding in this Internal Assessment. I’ll also like to thank Mr. Williams, Mr. Canterbury, my mother Joan Hamilton and everyone who assisted in me in completing this Internal Assessment.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Rationale

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Initially I wanted to better identify, analyze, interpret and understand the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865. In my opinion, History encourages critical thinking, and this topic brought out that ability. The Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865 was inevitable; therefore there was an abundance of factual information which then made me use my skills as a historian. The topic itself was a very interesting one which played an important role for me choosing it.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Introduction

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865 was a violent uprising that threatened to totally annihilate the social, political and economic structure of Jamaica. In order to fully evaluate the extent that the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865 was inevitable, an examination of Jamaica’s society, economy and political structure in the post emancipation right up to 1865. //William A. Green// eloquently illustrates the socio-economic conditions in Jamaica in the late 19th century in his book entitled // “British Slave Emancipation” //: //“If one abjures the search for heroes and villains in this sad episode it is possible to see a society divided against itself with people fragmented into social, racial and economic groups struggling for incompatible objectives under consistently eroding physical and materials circumstances.”//

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The political system in Jamaica prior to 1865 was known as the Assembly System, which was established by King Charles the Second during his reign. //Hume Wrong// fluently gives a definition of the Assembly System in his book entitled //“Government of the West Indies”// : //“To colonies which came under the old representative system (that is, in which an elected Assembly had been set up with accordance with instructions from the Crown), the Crown was held to have made an irrevocable grant of its legislative powers”.// This political system would ultimately lead to the political disenfranchisement for Africans of Jamaica and thus led to social and economic discontent.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The economic coordination in Jamaica prior to 1865 was still based on the monoculture of sugar. This economic system ultimately stifled Jamaica’s economy. Even before the emancipation period, the profitability of sugar in the British West Indies experienced a noticeable decline. The ideological theory known as the //“Decline Thesis”// that was advocated by the late Honourable // Dr. Eric Williams // in his famous book entitled //“Capitalism and Slavery”// initially shows this: //“In 1788 the net profit in Jamaica was four per cent as compared with an average of eight to twelve percent in Saint Domingue. In 1775 Jamaica had 775 plantations; by 1791, out of every hundred twenty-three had been sold for debt, twelve were in the hands of receivers, while seven had been abandoned; and the West Indian planters, indebted to the enormous sum of twenty millions…”.// Jamaica was of no exception to this decline. Initially, the //“Decline Thesis”// was only the beginning of the end. The Sugar Duties Act of 1846 also contributed to the decline of profitability of sugar not only in Jamaica, but the British West Indies. The Sugar Duties Act of 1846 was a law where the taxation of sugar entering the Metropolitan State would be equal regardless of its country of origin. // Phillip Curtain // eloquently describes this in his book entitled //“The British Sugar Duties and West Indian Prosperity”// : // “But in 1857- 1866, the annual average sugar production of Jamaica amounted to only 14% in the West Indian total" // These economic systems ultimately led to the lack of local funding for government projects, the lack of economic agricultural diversity and also social agitation in the Jamaican society. Due to the social and economic systems in Jamaica prior to 1865, Jamaica’s society was agitated because there was a lack of proper social institutions. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">These political, economic and social influences are the major factors that exemplify that the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865 was inevitable.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Political Influences

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Initially, the political system, known as the Assembly System, was one of the main factors that made the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865 inevitable. As stated above, the Assembly System was a form of British Government that was established by King Charles the Second during his reign. Based on historical information the Assembly System was more than this. The Assembly System was a dominant political system not only in Jamaica but also in the British West Indies. This political system also disregarded the legislative acts of the Crown (Metropolitan State). // William A. Green // easily exemplifies this in his book entitled //“British Slave Emancipation”// : //“When the Crown chose to reassert its authority in the late 1820’s on the slavery issue, it was obstructed by a thickly woven and deeply entrenched system of Assembly Government.”//

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Therefore, the Assembly System had superiority over Jamaica and used it as an opportunity for the benefit of them. // Hilary Beckles // and //Verene Shepherd// illustrate this in their book entitled //“Freedoms Won”// : // “So, even though slavery had ended and White people were a tiny minority in comparison with the Black and Asian populations, it was the White people who held political control” .// This all led to the lack of political representation especially for the middle class, because in order to be represented politically the attainment of land was necessary. Once again, //Hilary Beckles// and // Verene Shepherd // showed this in their book entitled // “Freedoms Won” : “Landlessness for Blacks was considered the principal method by which the White community could maintain its monopoly hold on the economy, the political process, and to ensure White social elitism.” // An example of this is that they prevented any Blacks from acquiring land by increasing the price of land that they owned e.g. the average price per acre was **£20** and was raised to ** £200 .**

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Politically, the ex-enslaved Africans of Jamaica were disenfranchised. // Gisela Eisner // articulately illustrates this in her book entitled //“The Story of the Caribbean”//. In Jamaica almost seven eights of the population was, in fact, black. Approximately twenty years after emancipation the Jamaican autonomy was still dominantly white. In 1864 Jamaica had **1,903** registered voters out of a population of **450,000** of whom **1,457** took the trouble to vote. From the population statistics mentioned above it is clear that the registered voters were nearly, if not fully, white. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Last but not least, the political influence that made the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865 inevitable was the address known as the //“Queen’s Advice”//. Initially, the //“Queen’s Advice”// was a response to a petition made by Jamaican labourers of the St. Ann parish who wanted to rent Crown lands at minimal rates because their provision grounds were completely exhausted. This advice stated that the petitioners should work harder on the planters’ estates. However, the //“Queen’s Advice”// didn’t relieve these petitioners but agitated them once again because they were politically disenfranchised. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Therefore, the political system known as the Assembly System, its policies and the //“Queen’s Advice”// affected the socio-economic structure of Jamaica and contributed to the inevitability of the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Economic Influences

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Primarily, the economic influences that made the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865 inevitable were the lack of agricultural economic diversity and the lack of local funding for government projects. But in order to understand this, we first need to know what economic agricultural diversity was.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Economic agricultural diversity, also known as economic diversification was more than the production of other economic agricultural commodities such as coffee, tobacco, cotton, ginger and pimento other than sugar. Economic agricultural diversity was a form of resistance that was implemented by the peasantry against the plantocracy. //Verene Shepherd// and // Hilary Beckles // eloquently show this in their book known as //“Freedoms Won”// : // “So the formation of a Caribbean peasantry was in fact a form of resistance to colonial domination. It had implications for the social, cultural and economic status of Black people” .// As stated above, the policies of the Assembly System suppressed and curbed the peasantry from attaining social, political and economic advancement. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">As a result, the lack of economic agricultural diversity and the lack of local funding for government projects stifled Jamaica’s society because there was a lack of proper social institutions.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Social Influences

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">In order to evaluate, whether or not the lack of proper social institutions was an influence to the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865, we first need to understand what an institution was. // Mervyn C. Sandy // and // Stephenson C. Grayson // eloquently define what an institution was in their book entitled //“Social Studies Essentials”// : //“Institutions are widely shared beliefs, norms or procedures which satisfy basic needs. They can also be seen as arrangements by which individuals, groups or organizations resolve central problems of living”.//

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Also, as stated in the introduction of this Internal Assessment, Jamaica’s economy was still based on the monoculture of sugar. Dr. Eric Williams’ ideological theory known as the //“Decline Thesis”// and the Sugar Duties Act of 1846 highlighted that the British West Indian Sugar was losing its profitability. This ultimately led to the lack of local funding for government projects especially schools. // Carl Campbell // expressively describes this in his book entitled //“Post-emancipation Jamaica, 1834 - 1865”// : //“The government gave Jamaica missionaries little or no funds for education between 1834 - 1844, and after 1845, as before this date, it offered most of its meagre aid to the schools of the Church of England”//. In fact most of the funds for these schools were emanated from religious and philanthropic groups in England, and from religious supporters in the colony. Unfortunately, these groups weren’t economically inclined for this. // Carl Campbell // describes this in his book entitled //“Post-emancipation Jamaica, 1834 - 1865”// : //“It was unfortunate that the vestries should have taken the lead in financing education from public revenues, for they were poorly positioned to deal with the task of developing education…”//. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">Educational institutes in Jamaica, during 1834 to 1864 had grown. In 1834 there were only seven (7) educational institutions. In 1837 there was a noticeable increase from seven (7) to one hundred and eighty-three (183). In 1846 there was a noteworthy decline from one hundred and eighty-three (183) to one hundred and seventy-eight (178) with an average daily attendance of **9,350** students. Last but not least, in 1864 there was a tremendous increase from one hundred and seventy-eight (178) to four hundred and ninety (490) with an average daily attendance of **110,538**. Although, educational institutions increased, they were not effective and beneficial towards the Jamaican society. // Jasper Cargill // who was the first inspector of school in Jamaica illustrates this: //“It happens that after a child has spent five (5) or six (6) of the best years of his life dabbling bare words and dry abstract figures, he has to enter the business of life with scarcely a single practical principle or intelligent thought, derived from his schooling, to enable him successfully to cope with its difficulties, and attain if only to a plain but decent standing in society. His education for all useful purposes to him has been a complete failure, and he unlike thousands before him, sinks into the condition of the illiterate and uneducated.”// <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">It is clear to see that the lack of proper social institutions contributed to the inevitability of the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865 because in every aspect of their life the ex-enslaved Africans were repelled from advancing socially, economically and politically.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Conclusion

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">The Assembly System in their brilliance was in fact the major cause of the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865. Their dominance in every aspect of the Jamaican society was a pure example of racism. The ex-enslaved Africans of Jamaicans tolerated this until they couldn’t take any more of the social, political and economic blasphemies. So it is quite clear to see that slavery didn’t end. Slavery simply evolved and the word **“freedom”** is simply a word, a dream and was not a part of reality.

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 24px; text-align: center;">Bibliography

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">1. Green, William. **//__British Slave Emancipation__//**, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1991. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">2. Ferguson, James. __**//The Story of the Caribbean//**__, Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers, 1999. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">3. Williams, Eric. **//__Capitalism & Slavery__//**, The University of North Carolina Press, 1994 <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">.4. Shepherd, Verene & Beckles, Hilary. **//__Freedoms Won__//**, Cambridge University Press, 2007. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">5. Sandy, Mervyn & Grayson, Stephenson. **//__Social Studies Essentials__//**, Carlong Publishers, 2000. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">6. Shepherd, Verene & Beckles, Hilary. **//__Freedoms Won__//**, M. Wiener Publishers, 1996. <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">7. Wrong, Hume. //**__Government of the West Indies__**// **__,__** BiblioLife, 2009 <span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 130%; text-align: justify;">8. Curtain, Phillip. **//__The British Sugar Duties and West Indian Prosperity__//**, Economic History Association, 1954.